Kingdom Monera - All the organisms of this kingdom are prokaryotes. Complex structure was the basis of classification of organisms, many centuries ago. According to R. H. Whittaker's five kingdom classification all the bacteria were placed under the Kingdom Monera. Monera are considered as the most primitive group of organisms. They include various types of bacteria and blue-green algae. Monerans are most abundant of all organisms, due to their versatility of their habitat. It is estimated that a single drop of water contains 50 billion bacteria. Definition Kingdom Monera Back to Top The Kingdom Monera includes organisms that are single-celled known as bacteria. The microorganisms in Kingdom Monera are considered as the most ancient living forms on earth. The kingdom is divided into two groups Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. All the organisms of this kingdom are prokaryotes. These cells do not have nuclear membrane, the chromosome is a single and circular, they also lack membrane bound cellular organelles. This kingdom includes bacteria, cyanobacteria, mycoplasma etc. They are unicellular organisms and do not have specific mode of nutrition. They can be either aerobic or anaerobic. These organisms have cell wall which is made up of peptidoglycans. The cell organelles are not membrane bound. Cell organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria are absent. Reproduction is by spore formation and binary fission. Kingdom Monera Characteristics Back to Top General characteristics of the kingdom Monera are as follows: They are primitive organisms. All organisms of the kingdom are prokaryotes. They are present in both living and non-living environment. They can survive in harsh and extreme climatic conditions like in hot springs, acidic soils etc. They are unicellular organisms. Membrane bound nucleus is absent. DNA is in double stranded form, suspended in the cytoplasm of.
KINGDOM PROTISTA (protists) - *1 cell *have a true nucleus - eukaryote *some move (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia others don't *some are autotrophic; others are heterotrophic *examples - amoeba, diatom, euglena, paramecium, some algae (unicellular etc.
In biology, Kingdoms are the highest taxonomic groups of living organisms. Biologists since the time of Aristotle (384-322 BC) have divided the living world into two kingdoms, Plants and animals. The word “plant” suggests grasses, bushes, shrubs, creepers, climbers, vines and trees and “animal” suggests cats, dogs, lions, tigers, birds, frogs and fish. Further thought brings to mind such forms as ferns, mosses, mushrooms and pond scrums (algae quite different but recognizable as “plants” and insects, lobsters, clams, worms and snails that are definitely animals. But if you have ever had the pleasure of climbing over the rocky shore of the sea coast, looking at the organisms that cling to the rocks or live in a tide pool, you undoubtedly found some things that were difficult to recognize as animals and plants. The one-celled organisms visible under the microscope cannot easily be assigned to the plant or animal kingdom. The German biologist Earnst Haeckel (1866) in his book Generelle Morphologie der Organismen suggested a three-kingdom system ( Protista, Plantae and Animalia). In the third kingdom Protista he grouped all the single-celled organisms that are intermediate in many respects between plants and animals. Herbert Copeland (1956) have suggested establishing a fourth kingdom, originally called Mycota but later referred to as the Monera, to include the prokaryotes like bacteria and blue-green algae, which have many characteristics is common. They have a single membrane system without a nucleus, and membrane bounded sub-cellular organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. All other organisms are eukaryotes have a more complex structure with a nucleus and other organelles divided by intracellular membranes. R. H. Whittaker (1969) recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi. The resulting five- kingdom system suggested by him has received wide acceptance.
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